Archive for May 26th, 2007

May 26, 2007: 4:08 pm: adminThe Technology Way

Okay you have now passed your certification test, congratulations! Now what? How is this going to actually improve your life, your career? Have you thought about your plans after you have passed the test? For many taking a certification exam is only a stepping stone to true success.

The first thing I would do even before pursuing a certification is to have a plan on how this is actually going to help you in your career. Just because you have passed the test does not mean you are an expert. You must first prove it to the rest of the world. How do you do this?

Sit down at your computer or desk and write out your career goals for the next year, five years, ten years and your entire working career. How does this certification fit into those goals? Can you use it to establish more credibility as an expert?

The first step I would take is to start writing tutorials on the subject matter that you claim to be an expert in. Post these tutorials to your own website, blog or eZine distribution websites. the more you write about a subject the more likely a person is going to consider yourself an expert in the field and the certification just backs that up as well. The more visibility you receive the more likely you are to get clients that are willing to pay for your services.

The second step I would take is not to stop studying! The best thing for you to do is learn as much as possible about your subject matter and to stay on top of it. Each time you learn something new write about it. This not only helps you stay visible but shows that you are up to date with the latest technology. If you are studying for another certification or an upgrade to your existing one learn all you can about the material and then start writing tutorials that teaches others on the same subject. Not only will this help reinforce what you have already learned but it could lead to increased job offers and other opportunities.

The third step would be to visit as many newsgroups as possible to put your knowledge to the test. By helping others this way you reinforce what you have learned and again gain valuable exposure in the field.

Lastly I would find a local user group in your area and start volunteering for it. This will greatly increase the number of contacts you can network with and make your name known in the community. Do not have a user group in your area? See if you can start one and start speaking about your area of expertise to a local crowd. Later I would connect with other regional user groups to see if they are looking for speakers and then start speaking at these user groups. For many the certification test is the place where most people stop in their careers and then complain that this test did not really help them. The test is merely a stepping stone in establishing more credibility. The rest is up to the individual. You reap what you sow. Certification only contains some of the seeds that you need to plant in order to become truly successful.

Richard Callaby is a Independent Computer Consultant, Writer, Author, Speaker and Instructor. More articles from this author can be reached at his blog at http://blog.richard-callaby.net

: 3:37 pm: adminArts & Crafts

Perhaps the most popular type of lapel pin is the patriotic pin. Dating back to the Civil War in the United States, lapel pins that declare a person’s patriotism are popular, highly collectible and trade-worthy! From the Civil War through WWI, patriotic lapel pins were medallions hung from ribbons pinned on a lapel. After WWI, there were more factories and the ability to mass-produce die-cast metal led to the popularity of die-cast lapel pins. The trend took off and patriotic lapel pins became more popular and collectible as the nation moved into a depression and everyone tried to do their own part, even something as simple as a lapel pin. The quality and craftsmanship of these earlier lapel pins is excellent, and a single patriotic lapel pin can sell at auction for $25.00 or more, depending on the subject matter.

The most patriotic symbol for any country is the flag, and in the US is no different! The American Flag is the most patriotic lapel pin that a citizen can wear. Fortunately there is no shortage of pins to be had! There are cloisonné, die cast, sequined and any imaginable variation of the American Flag on patriotic lapel pins. After 9/11 the sale of American Flags in the form of flags, pins and signs skyrocketed from the shelves, and today that patriotism is still evident with the American Flag everywhere, including on lapel pins. An American Flag lapel pin is a simple way to declare your feelings of pride in your country. Many of our politicians and celebrities have begun to wear patriotic lapel pins every day as part of their normal dress. American Flag lapel pins are elegant, and come in a variety of designs. Many people who travel internationally take American Flag lapel pins along on their travels to exchange with people from other countries or to hand out as small tokens from America.

Of course, there are many other patriotic lapel pins including military pins in support of our troops, pins remembering the 9/11 tragedy and the police and firemen heroes also from 9/11. A patriotic lapel pin gives recognition to those who have sacrificed to protect the nation’s freedom and rights, and shows that you are aware and thinking of that contribution. The commemorative Olympic lapel pins are also patriotic and among the most sought after pins by collectors. So, dig out your Lake Placid Olympic lapel pin and wear it with pride!

Many patriotic lapel pins can be purchased in 14karat gold and sterling silver, which make great gifts. Be sure to shop carefully and purchase a pin that truly reflects your patriotic enthusiasm. Most of all have fun, enjoy your lapel pins and wear them!

Lapel Pins Info provides detailed information on lapel pins including many lapel pin options such as custom, military, cloisonne, Christian, and patriotic lapel pins. Lapel Pins Info is the sister site of Lanyards Web.

: 1:48 pm: adminMiscellaneous

Size does matter! According to a recent article in the Washington Post, the sale of plus-sized apparel rose by more than 13% last year. The average American woman now wears a size 14, and companies such as Dove and Nike have taken notice. They are among the first national brands to recently launch major ad campaigns designed to embrace the beauty that comes from having ample cleavage and generous thighs.

At long last, full-figured women have finally come into their own. They can celebrate their shape with more clothing options now than ever before, and lingerie has become one of the hottest trends on the fashion map. You’ve seen it on Desperate Housewives, with the female executive who wears nothing but lacy camisoles underneath her blazer. Would you be able to pull off the same look? Although every body style is different, the basic rules are the same. There is an art to choosing (and wearing) lingerie well. Knowing the secrets to a great fit will enable you to look spectacular and feel great about yourself!

1. All Curves are Not Created Equal

No body is perfect. Supermodel Elle MacPherson has said, “The breasts go first, and then the waist and then the butt. Nobody ever tells you that you get a butt when you get pregnant.” We all have our flaws, but part of playing up your assets will involve downplaying the parts of your body you are least comfortable with.

If you like, take a good look in the mirror and identify what you love and don’t love about your body. If you dislike your hips or waistline, you will want to draw attention to the upper part of your body. Indulge in bras designed to produce cleavage and accentuate your curves.

If you feel like your breasts are too full but you’ve got shapely legs, then they should become your focal point. A babydoll nightie with an empire-waist will provide support for your top while letting you flaunt what’s below.

If you haven’t yet found a comfort zone, indulge in a full-length satin chemise with an a-line cut and perhaps a flirty slit on the side. If you do not like your upper arms, look for a sheer or color-coordinated short robe.

The key is to draw attention away from what you do not like about your body, and place it where you feel like being noticed.

2. Everyone Needs a Little Support

The best-kept secret among celebrities and those in the know has to do with the latest lingerie weapons, which can keep even the most problematic physiques in check. Modern-day support garments minimize stomach bulge, lift and separate, and produce a smooth contour under your clothes. Best of all, innovations in fabric and design mean that the painful confinement of girdles (and other instruments of torture) are a thing of the past. Look for camisoles with built-in bra support and high-cut briefs that offer hidden tummy panels. Women with fuller, heavier breasts should make sure to look for bras that feature wide shoulder straps. If you are unsure of your bra size, the best gift you could give yourself would be to get professionally sized by someone who works in the lingerie section of a department store. Making sure that you wear the correct bra size serves not only to make you more comfortable, but it can instantly change your silhouette and may even cause you to drop a dress size!

Spanx is one particular company that specializes in producing comfortable, head-to-toe support to keep your curves looking their best. Sarah Blakely, who founded the company out of her apartment, said “I bought clothes that looked amazing in a magazine or on the hanger, but in reality magnified every panty line and imperfection.” Her brand of footless pantyhose offers maximum control, and even boasts the tagline, “Don’t worry, we’ve got your butt covered!”

Seamlessbody.com is another company that specializes in supportive shape-wear designed for looks and comfort. They feature unique bodysuits that can be worn under your clothes and provide all-in-one support for your breasts, stomach and derriere. Both companies feature plus-sized versions of their products and are conveniently available online.

If you have a belly, choose high-waited briefs over bikini cuts. Not only will they fit more comfortably, but they are great at covering any stretch marks or other flaws and will flatter your shape.

3. Less is More

When it comes to color, keep it simple. A monochromatic look will do wonders to help elongate the bodyline and slim your proportions. In other words, keep the pieces that you wear at any one time as close to the same color as possible. Which shades work best? Dark tones such as navy, burgundy, brown or black will give you a more slender appearance. Another great rule of thumb is to choose colors that flatter your complexion.

It is wise to be cautious of patterns. Some smaller, more discreet prints may add to an outfit, but larger designs have a tendency to “clutter” or look different when they drape over problem areas you may be want to conceal. This has the unfortunate result of drawing the eye directly where you do not want it to go! If you have a personality that must express yourself with multiple colors or styles, a great way to spice up your wardrobe can come from adding on a couple of flashy, attention-getting accessories.

4. Bigger isn’t Always Better

One of the biggest misconceptions that many full-figured women have is the notion that choosing larger sizes will hide unsightly bulges and ultimately make them look slimmer. In reality, a shapeless, ill-fitting piece will not define anything, either good or bad, and will make your body appear much less attractive than you would look in clothes more suited to your accurate size. It’s fine to shy away from body conscious items. Lingerie pieces should be a natural reflection of your personality. If you have a conservative personality, wearing longer gowns or adding layers to your look will enhance your beauty and allow you to feel sexy without having to bare all. Should you have a more playful, flirty nature, the sky is the limit! Plus-sized lingerie includes stunning camisoles with delicate embroidery, frilly boyshorts that provide excellent coverage while exuding a youthful, sexy vibe, and buttery soft satin chemises that feel utterly luxurious against the skin. It is always best to try on lingerie before you buy, in order to make sure you will have the best fit possible. But if you are in a time-crunch or browsing over the internet, the best bet is to stick to your true clothing size.

5. Stores are Just the Tip of the Iceberg

Did you know that many retailers who do not display clothing over size 12 or 14 often have the exact same styles in larger sizes on their websites? If you spot a piece of lingerie that you just like but it isn’t in stock, try to find it online. The internet is such a good resource for plus-sized women that countless businesses have opened their virtual stores and specialize in nothing but full-figured lingerie. With a click of the mouse, you can delight in finding an elegant slip or searching anonymously for something more risqué. Many of these websites offer a multitude of styles for every mood or occasion, and most provide detailed size charts so that you can feel confident in ordering the correct sized garment. Not only do you not have to cope with impossibly thin sales associates, but you can have the freedom to shop from your home, purchase in privacy and even, in many cases, have your items shipped in generic brown boxes so the postman will be none the wiser.

What you wear closest to your skin should delight and comfort you, and deliver a knockout punch to those worthy enough to witness such unmentionables. The secrets to looking great in lingerie serve to enhance not only your outer curves, but allow your inner beauty to filter through as well. According to Wilhela Cushman, beloved fashion writer, “Just around the corner in every woman’s mind - is a lovely dress, a wonderful suit, or entire costume which will make an enchanting new creature of her.”

Katherine Damaske is a professional writer and contributor to Sexy-n-Sheer-Lingerie.com which offers advise, opinions and helpful hints on choosing and buying sheer lingerie from plus-size-lingerie to bridal lingerie.

: 1:22 pm: adminThe Technology Way

Why compact discs get damaged. Compact discs are all plastic. Compact discs are even not sensitive to magnetic fields as in case floppy disks, which never used to retain data when even a slight magnetic field is crossed with floppies. Then what is the reason why CDs get corrupted?

CDs work on the principle of reflection of light. CD drives have a built in laser that is used to read data. When laser is focused on to the CD the beam get reflected to a point when there is some data on that are i.e. 0 or 1 the points where light beam lands back is different which symbolizes the bit value.

When something on the CD breaks the path of the laser light, something like dust particle or something else like a FINGER PRINT!!!. Finger prints are nothing but natural oil from skin that sticks to the surface in contact with the skin in a pattern of skin cells. This oil or say fingerprint helps in refraction of light and loss of data to the reading source i.e. laser.

When CDs don’t run the reason is because something is interrupting the laser to read the shinny side of the CD. But I have important data what should I do now?

Most of the times it is because of dust or fingerprints, you need to clean the CD.
You can clean your CDs with plain water or a bit soapy water. And it is better to clean the CDs after some time. But this doesn’t mean you should start putting your CDs in dishwasher or washing machine every week.

All you need to do is to wipe the shinny side of the CD with a clean moist cloth and try running it again make sure the CD is dry before you run it.

People say about using all different sorts of things to clean CDs like toothpastes, wax polish etc. but I would recommend you to buy some CD cleaning kit. But if you still want to go try, do let me know the results.

And one thing I must add is that DVD work on the same principle and are bit more sensitive to dust and fingerprints. You can also use the above mentioned procedure for DVDs. But you need to be careful with DVDs

Edgar Lee is a VOIP consultant in VOIP singapore (www.voip.com.sg). A Singapore company that has extensive experiences in cutting-edge IT solutions, VOIP singapore is your trusted partner when your organization needs VoIP, IP PA System, Systems Integration, Computer Telephony, Voicemail, or even specialized solutions such as Call Accounting software and SIP Servers.
This article may be reprinted in its original form as long as the resource box is left intact and the links live and the article is not to be modified in any way.

Submitted with Article Distributor.

: 8:43 am: adminMiscellaneous

We have all done it. We are all guilty of it. We have all turned against ourselves by allowing it.

One of the problems one faces in belonging to and being a member of an organized Christian Church is that, either consciously, or subconsciously , one places themselves under the authority of others. We say we do it willingly. We believe that there are special people groups and leaders under whose supervision we need to be. It is others who tell you how to think, what to do, how to act and what to believe based on some criteria that they got from those “over” them, or those who came “before” them. For some, this works. For many, it is a formula for physical, psychological and emotional disaster.

In the case of Christians, the Bible is used to proof text any particular perspective one wants to promote. Whether we can admit it or not, within the Bible are enough speeches, personalities and dramas, which if manipulated properly and with enough conviction and showmanship, are justifications for just about every human endeavor in the name of God, Jesus and the Church. Many have the near crippling inability to conduct their lives without knowing what God, Jesus or the Bible would have them do, according to others.

In a church setting it is presented in some form of from God to Jesus to the Church to the minister to the elders to the deacons to the laity…..to the women…to the children who get to lord it over their pets. I am reminded of the parent who watched in horror as their child filled a backyard hole with water and nearly drown the family cat with the ceremonial words “in the name of the Father, the Son… and in the hole you go.” Funny, but not for the cat!

This fear based chain is kept in place with appeals to biblical authority, fear of consequences for disbelief or misbehavior based on select criteria. It is reinforced with guilt (I did a bad thing) for failure to meet the standards set and paid for with an appropriate amount of shame (I am a bad person). The control factors are kept fresh every week with sermons or studies and every day with admonitions to study to show oneself approved or “pray about it.” The “it” can be your attitude which is not in sync with the system and your success with “it” is compliance and a good attitude. If you forget the criteria for success you can now go to a Church website and replay the sermons of those that control your mind and do your thinking for you. Throw in the idea that a human can have the unreachable goal of becoming perfect as their heavenly Father is perfect, which whether meaning real perfection or maturity, and you have formula for major guilt and shame and the control stays in place. I have never met any human being who is remotely mature or perfect like a god, and neither have you. Well ok, a few Buddhists. :)

In addition, others tell us that we are to grow in Grace (actually a nice concept few grow in) and Knowledge (a good thing but one which, in reality, the organization prays to God you don’t grow in), and one can never get out of the box without grevious consequences. Usually what growing in grace and knowledge really means is growing in adherence and compliance graciously and knowing that what you are being told to think is the truth and you need look no further. Personal looking and personal conclusions based on that looking, is bad for the individual and best left up to others who are more in tune with the conclusions that need to be drawn for your own good.

When we come to realize how manipulated we have been on the topic of religion, we usually get angry at others for doing this to us and get depressed, which is the anger we are directing at ourselves “for being so stupid” that we will not express properly. I believe the reason depression is so prevalent for those who come out of a bad religious experience is that we are so programmed not to express our anger, doubts and simple “hell no, I don’t believe that,” that it has no other place to go but inward and provoke the depression. “Be angry and sin not” often means keep it to yourself and don’t show it, unless of course you are higher up the authority chain.

Minister types seem to be in a perpetual state of anger of one form or another. Many of my clients tell me how tired they are of the minister being angry all the time in sermons and letting everyone have it. I say he is faking it and doing it because he is expected to by himself, his church and his concept of God. If ministers really spoke that way in public or in the workplace, they would be fired or at best labeled as wacko. I’ve sat through lots of biblically salted harangues. I once heard a curse put on someone publicly from the pulpit with a lot of anger. But that is the privilege of rank. Anger in organizations can only be expressed downward. Upward anger results in lynching of the laity.

One additional fact we need to keep in mind is that the the Bible itself is the source of every organizational and mission blueprint no matter how people use it to advance their perspectives. Most men and organizations aren’t out to deliberately deceive others. They too are the victims of the system before them and keep it going with their own fears, shame, guilt and hope for reward and peace. Peace is really what the soul craves but we go looking for it by repeating such tried and proven unworkable perspectives.

We usually stop the blame game and pity party with the people who advance the ideas and not the source. Few blame the Bible itself as the source of more human misery, war, prejudice, racism, chaos, family division, sexual repression, male abuses, female victimization and the evils of exclucivism than Christians are capable of admitting. Most would never take the time to study the dark side of Christianity and it’s rotten fruit.

When confronted with the stark facts of how the Bible has been used to control, shame, frighten and organize individuals, whether by early church father types, governments, churches or ministers, it is all to easy to say, “well they are not REAL Christians.” Well, yes they were and yes they are, just ask them. They do these things because they are using the book as their guide. They appeal to the examples of God, Abraham, Moses, David, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Paul and Jesus, usually in that order. They are “living by the book” as they would say and the fruit is rotten, as we could say. They are doing what God would have them to do. Bible Atrocities They think that there is one continuum of truth that can never change, be clarified, reworked, or even dismissed and negated as ignorant. There is nothing new to know and keeping blinders in place is the same as being faithful. If God can say “I change not” and Jesus can be “the same yesterday, today and forever,” that works for them and better work for us too, context not withstanding.

Where do we go wrong when we allow others ideas of how things are to control us? It’s kinda like so many who take long trips to meet family holiday obligations. You don’t want to go. It’s expensive. It’s tiring and we have other things we need to do. The kids want to play with their friends and we want to just do nothing with the time we have off. It’s not that we don’t love or appreciate, though sometimes we don’t and the attitude we get home in is not the one we went with, but it is just too much effort. On top of that, we go because it is too much costly not to go. The tribe will be mad. Feelings will be hurt. Uncle Louie will be disappointed that John’s wife wasn’t there to leer at. And grandma won’t have the chance to drive you nuts yelling at your kids to be quiet and stop having fun. Dad won’t talk as usual and your sister will have that look that makes us all so pleased she came. But we did it… we gave away our power of choice and we did what we were expected to do for the benefit of others to to keep the illusion alive. Where do we go wrong?

We go wrong by giving up our own personal power. We go wrong by negating our own doubts. We go wrong by keeping that niggly question deeply stored in the back of our brains, never to be asked. We go wrong by saying we agree outwardly when we hate the idea or concept inwardly. We go wrong by letting things go and ideas we think are stupid pass. We go wrong by allowing some ancient text, idea or opinion pass as the only way to be. We go wrong by letting other humans with legitimate “authority” or only imagined to intimidate the reality and common sense out of us. We go wrong by letting others use the Bible to makes points that the Bible shouldn’t make in this day and age. We go wrong by finding meaning in a scripture that the scripture never meant for us to take. ….take a breath….ok… We go wrong by letting doing what our heart is not in and repress where our heart is. We go wrong belonging to something outwardly that hurts us inwardly. We go wrong saying yes to sermons we should say no to. We go wrong by letting advice become a command. We go wrong by letting another human being think that whatever they come up with to do or say is fine with us.

In short, we give up our power of discernment and choice. I know that some get very angry when phrases like “take responsibility for your choice” is said. We don’t like to hear that. I have hated it because it is costly and embarrassing. We come up with a dozen reasons we could not and that we HAD to give up our power. Realizing we did give our power to others is very very painful! “You weren’t there” is usually a good lead in to why one had to comply. “I’d get disfellowshipped” or “I’d be demoted.” “God would be mad at me.” “I might end up in the Lake of Fire.” “The Bible says…” We all understand how that worked. I participated in it. I preached it. I enforced it. I wish I had not. I am glad it was not personally for me as bad as it could have been had I not been willing many times to quietly ignore what I did not agree with and encourage others to do the same.

We wanted to do the right thing as perceived by others so we gave them our power. We even gave the Bible God our power by counting on everything from healing and good health to financial prosperity through generous giving. There were PLENTY of texts in the Bible to motivate us to do the right thing and believe it. Don’t blame men for twisting the Bible out of context. That happens enough. IN context, the Bible can promote plenty of grief. It makes promises it doesn’t keep and that is painful to admit. We still think that somehow we must still be at fault and that the Bible, or the Church or God, as defined by the Bible, can’t be the misleading factor here. It has to be our fault.

Well it is not. Whatever power I gave, I gave by choice. I can only speak for myself. Fault is not the issue here. It just is. People give up their power every day. Wives give up their power to say “enough,” to abusive husbands. Men give up their power to employers who abuse their time and capitalize on their fear. Members give up their power to Churches and Hierarchies that really don’t care much what you do as long as you are there when needed to give the appearance of credibility and the physical support needed to keep it going. And on and on.

Every day, and in may ways, both in general living and, in this context, in religious affiliations, we have the power to keep or relinquish our power. Anger, depression and the inability to move along in life are directly related to the skill of holding onto our power when we simply don’t agree or believe what the tribe, the government, the boss, the church or the minister say. Yes goes with no just like oceans go with sand. Every time I say yes when I mean no, every time I agree when I don’t and every time I am sitting down on the outside while standing up on the inside, I am giving away my power. Sometimes it may be temporarily discrete to do this. But as a life habit and practice…No. For the times we did, forgive yourself and don’t be the monkey on your own back. Giving up our power doesn’t serve us in the long run and will impede our progress in life in the search for peace and truth. If we weren’t looking for that in the first place, we probably would not have had this experience and I would probably not be writing anything about it.

Dennis Diehl is a former Pastor of 26 years and currently has a Therapeutic Massage practice in Greenville, SC. It my simple wish that humans beings learn to think for themselves before they let those who attempt to organize religion to do it for them.

SCMassageTherapy@aol.com

: 7:38 am: adminHardware Stuff

You are working at your computer and trying to print out important documents and all at once you find you are out of ink. Years ago that would have presented a big problem. Printers used ribbons or daisy wheels to print on paper. Let’s take a look at the evolution of printer ink cartridges.

In 1984 ink jet printers and printer cartridges were introduced. Printing documents was now easier and so was changing printer cartridges. After years of changing ribbons, adding toner ink to reservoirs within the computer.

The dot matrix method used a ribbon. The industry found new ways to make printing easier and more convenient. There is the drop on demand method where the ink squirts onto the paper through tiny nozzles. The amount of ink dropped the page is controlled by the software driver that controls which nozzle fires and when.

By 1990 ink jet print cartridges was widely accepted. Printer cartridges can now print in color as well as in black and white for document. Inkjet printer cartridges can print on just about any sized paper, on fabric and on film. Ink jet printers are used in a variety of settings worldwide and is a popular choice for printing.

Each brand of printer uses a specific type of cartridge. Ink jet cartridges are given an identification number and the models that can use this particular cartridge, is listed. There are a wide variety of cartridges available and you should check your printer’s manual to see exactly what cartridges are available to you.

If you are trying to save money, you can purchase refill kits that allow you to fill the cartridges yourself. Not everyone is a fan of these kits however, the quality of the printing isn’t as good, and in some cases the cartridges when re-installed can fail to operate.

You can get reconditioned and refilled cartridges from some retailers and sometimes from the manufacturer. Compatible cartridges are cartridges that are made according to the exact specs of the original manufacturer. The drawback here is that not every cartridge has a compatible one.

In choosing a printer check the type of cartridge it will use. You will need to determine if the cartridge is appropriate for the type of printing and the volume of printing you will be doing. You will have to do some research and you can find much of this information on the internet, through the manufacturer or through stores that deal in the particular printer you are looking at.

Discount ink cartridges are available online. All you have to do is type ink cartridges or printer cartridges into your search engine. Some sites offer amazing discounts. Again you are going to have to search for the deal that is best for you. Pay attention to the cartridge top when purchasing them. Check the sides of the box for a list of models the cartridge will work in.

There is a time line below that has some really interesting facts.
This would make a great list of answers for a trivia game. I cannot imagine the hard work that created the ink jet printer cartridge, as we know it. It is easy to understand why cartridges are expensive.

1452 - Gutenberg used oil-based ink, moveable type, and an old winepress to make the first printing press.
Martin Luther began the Protestant reformation making extensive use of the printing press.

1714 - The typewriter was born. Schematics that were done by Mills were discovered however, there is no proof that any typewriters were actually made.

1874 - Christopher Sholes, Samuel Soule, and Carlos Glidden made a keyboard that became known as the “qwerty” because of the first five keys on the top row of the keyboard.

1894 - Franz Wagner developed a typewriter that is very similar to the ones made today. He created a design that let the typists watch as they were typing. Previously, paper would go through a roller as you typed and you could not see what you typed until you were done.

1897 - Underwood (by John Underwood) was the prototypical typewriter of its day.

1939 - Charles Carlson developed electrography, which is the first dry writing technique developed in the United States.

1949 - Haloid Company began to commercially developed electrography for the first time.

1959 - Xerox 914 hit the market and forced other businesses to update their communication systems.

1969 - Xerox first introduced dry printing (laser printing) by Gary Starkweather.

1078 - Xerox put out the world’s first business laser printer the Xerox 9700. It copied documents at the speed of 120 ppm (pages per minute)

1979 - The IBM 3800 could print out 20,000 lines per minute.

1980’s - The use of toner cartridges became obsolete.

1984 - Hewlett-Packard released the first home-based desktop laser printer.

Martin Smith is a successful freelance writer providing advice for consumers on purchasing a variety of
Discount ink cartridges which includes
Cheap ink cartridge, if you have time drop by his site for some tips and information

: 5:00 am: adminMiscellaneous

In August 1981, 11,500 air traffic controllers who belonged to the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization, known as PATCO, were permanently fired by President Ronald Reagan, two days after their strike began, due to their violation of federal law. The president felt that the union did not seriously consider the ‘no-strike’ provision of their contract and had no other choice, in order to avoid a disastrous disruption in United States airspace.

PATCO workers were then replaced with non-unionized employees. Further to the firing, President Reagan through an Executive Order in 1982, prevented any of the fired air traffic controllers from being rehired in the future by the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), which oversees U.S. air traffic control. Over the next 3-4 year period new controllers were hired and trained in order to replace those fired, provided with supplementation by the U.S. military, in order to keep planes in the air. In 1993, also by Executive Order, President Bill Clinton rescinded Reagan’s Order, allowing previously fired PATCO workers to be hired again by the FAA, which presently includes several hundred of the previously dismissed.

Now, nearly 25 years later, the newly named air traffic controllers union, National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA), is in prolonged contract negotiations once again with the FAA, which began July 13, 2005. The present contract, which expired in 2003 was extended until September 30, 2005, with salaries frozen and benefits continued until new terms were met. As of September 30, 2005, the contract has expired but continues under an “evergreen clause,” allowing for the original contract to remain in effect as long as talks continue. Similarly to the negotiations which led to the 1981 strike are the issues of increased salaries and reduced working hours. But more differences than similarities exist in the present talks.

Since the last agreement was negotiated in 1998, NATCA members are working longer hours and have more security responsibilities in the wake of September 11, 2001. In addition, after the initial tailing off of air travel at the end of 2001 and the beginning of 2002, there are now more flights in the air at any one time in the history of aviation travel, but with fewer controllers watching over more airplanes in the U.S., which has the world’s busiest airspace. However, in the last two years, the FAA has lost 1,000 controllers.

But at the crux of the problem is that many of the controllers today are those who were hired in the early 1980’s and are set for retirement either immediately or in the near future. There is a federal mandate which requires all controllers to retire at age 56 whether or not there are employees to replace them. The FAA admits that 2,580 controllers are set to retire between 2005 and 2007 while only hiring an additional 13 in 2004. Additionally, there are not enough replacements in waiting in order fill the quota. Instead of the originally promised 1,248 hires for Fiscal Year 2006, the FAA will now only hire 595 and phase in the remaining 654, by replacing one retiree at a time.

With 9,000 of its 14,500 current number of air traffic controllers having been hired in the early 1980’s, the FAA has dragged its heels on implementing a replenishment system known about for years. In a Government Accountability Office report issued in June 2002, it stated that “The FAA has not done enough to plan for the impending staffing crisis and needs to do so as soon as possible. It has not developed such a comprehensive workforce strategy to address all of the challenges it faces in responding to its impending need for thousands of new air traffic controllers, thus increasing the risk that the FAA will not have enough qualified controllers when necessary to meet air traffic demands.” Sadly, the FAA took two more years to acknowledge their shortcomings regarding staffing needs, publishing a similar report of their own in 2004, but has recently promised to add 12,500 controllers over the next ten years.

The FAA is an agency under the jurisdiction of the Department of Transportation (DOT), whose central responsibility is to ensure the safe and efficient air travel within the U.S. airspace system. According to the FAA administrator’s fact book for March 2005, in 2004 air traffic in the national airspace system included over 46 million flights and 647 million travelers. That translates into as many as 7,000 aircraft, including commercial and military, all flying at any one time. Given those numbers, the number of incidents including accidents and fatalities are very few, and both figure into the arguments of both negotiating sides.

According to NATCA the dependability of the system is crucial to the number of workers in addition to restricting the amount of overtime necessary to keep the air traffic control towers, Terminal Radar Approach Control facilities, Air Route Traffic Control Centers and the Air Traffic Control System Command Center all functioning smoothly. And by virtue of the success of the system, the FAA says the needs are not as dire as depicted by the union.

Yet, aviation safety investigators for the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found as of September 30, 2005, 324 incursions, or near misses, involving various types of aircraft including three near misses of commercial jet liners in the past six months in Boston, New York and Las Vegas. The most recent incident involved US Airways and Comair flights on November 9, 2005 in which the US Airways jet aborted its landing at the last possible second when approaching Ft. Lauderdale’s airport, missing the Comair jet by a mere 100 feet.

A new software program for runway surveillance has been pressed for by the NTSB for all major airports for several years. Presently, nearly all major airports use the Airport Movement Area Safety System (AMASS) which routinely fails or has limitations during periods of precipitation. The Airport Surface Detection Equipment-X system uses additional sensors to complement radar detection, and compensates for deficiencies in radar-only surface surveillance systems as is AMASS. In addition, ASDE-X is less sensitive to precipitation. However, missing from both systems is a direct warning system, meaning it requires the information be dispatched to air traffic controllers to then be relayed to flight crews on the runway. Thus, a matter of a few seconds could be crucial in matters of near misses when planes are taking off and landing within seconds of each other. Nevertheless, the equipping of the ASDE-X systems exists at only 16 major airports with only additional select airports to be provided with the ASDE-X system by 2011, according to the FAA.

But with labor costs accounting for 80% of the FAA’s $8.2 billion operating budget, the FAA’s first priority is the freezing of controllers’ salaries with merit-based pay raises replacing cost-of-living increases. The current air traffic controllers’ average salary is $128,000, excluding benefits and overtime pay. NATCA has supposedly asked for a 5.6 % pay increase each year over the next five years, although the union has publicly disputed such figures.

Regardless of the figures, however, the union also is under the gun, much like unions in the private sector these days, with threats of outsourcing by the FAA, should negotiations fail. In addition, should both sides reach an impasse as declared by a federal mediator, which the FAA has already called for, the FAA gets closer to calling upon the Congress for a review of its proposal. Should the Congress fail to act on its proposal within 60 days thereafter, then the FAA could unilaterally impose its contract upon NATCA.

And while there are many concerns remaining regarding air travel security, such as the lack of inspection of cargo on commercial airliners, it is hard to argue that it is crucial for the FAA to implement a program that both maintains and improves airspace safety, which includes both personnel and infrastructure needs. Regardless of the negotiations and political posturing by both the FAA and NATCA it would serve them both well to stay on point during deliberations in order to remain on the key issues, keeping in mind the welfare of the flying public as well as the national security of the U.S., which essentially should be their main mission.

Diane M. Grassi - EzineArticles Expert Author

Diane M. Grassi is a freelance columnist, reporting and writing commentary on current events of the day providing honest and often politically incorrect assessments. From U.S. public policy to Major League Baseball, she is an eclectic thinker, and demanding of her readers to reflect on their own thinking patterns from an alternative perspective. Whether you agree with her or not, Diane M. Grassi will have you coming back to note her opinions, and if at best she wakes you up, then her goal will have been accomplished.
Ms. Grassi is featured with the online publications: News Media Journal a/k/a The Rant; American Chronicle; the Federal Observer; Opinions Editorials; the Conservative Voice; the Las Vegas Penny Press; Mich News; the Sierra Times as well as several others. She also writes regular columns on Major League Baseball where she is a featured online columnist with The Diamond Angle Baseball Ezine and Sports-Central.org.

You may contact Ms. Grassi at: dgrassi@cox.net

: 3:25 am: adminThe Technology Way

“Automated Testing” is automating the manual testing process currently in use. This requires that a formalized “manual testing process”, currently exists in the company or organization.

Automation is the use of strategies, tools and artifacts that augment or reduce the need of manual or human involvement or interaction in unskilled, repetitive or redundant tasks.

Minimally, such a process includes:

Detailed test cases, including predictable “expected results”, which have been developed from Business Functional Specifications and Design documentation

A standalone Test Environment, including a Test Database that is restorable to a known constant, such that the test cases are able to be repeated each time there are modifications made to the application.

The following types of testing can be automated

Functional - testing that operations perform as expected.

Regression - testing that the behavior of the system has not changed.

Exception or Negative - forcing error conditions in the system.

Stress - determining the absolute capacities of the application and operational infrastructure.

Performance - providing assurance that the performance of the system will be adequate for both batch runs and online transactions in relation to business projections and requirements.

Load - determining the points at which the capacity and performance of the system become degraded to the situation that hardware or software upgrades would be required.

Benefits of Automated Testing

Reliable: Tests perform precisely the same operations each time they are run, thereby eliminating human error

Repeatable: You can test how the software reacts under repeated execution of the same operations.

Programmable: You can program sophisticated tests that bring out hidden information from the application.

Comprehensive: You can build a suite of tests that covers every feature in your application.

Reusable: You can reuse tests on different versions of an application, even if the user interface changes.

Better Quality Software: Because you can run more tests in less time with fewer resources

Fast: Automated Tools run tests significantly faster than human users.

Cost Reduction: As the number of resources for regression test are reduced.

Choosing the right tools for the job and targeting the right areas of the organization to deploy them can only realize these benefits. The right areas where the automation fit must be chosen.

The following areas must be automated first

1. Highly redundant tasks or scenarios

2. Repetitive tasks that are boring or tend to cause human error

3. Well-developed and well-understood use cases or scenarios first

4. Relatively stable areas of the application over volatile ones must be automated.

Automated testers must follow the following guidelines to get the benefits of automation:

• Concise: As simple as possible and no simpler.

• Self-Checking: Test reports its own results; needs no human interpretation.

• Repeatable: Test can be run many times in a row without human intervention.

• Robust: Test produces same result now and forever. Tests are not affected by changes in the external environment.

• Sufficient: Tests verify all the requirements of the software being tested.

• Necessary: Everything in each test contributes to the specification of desired behavior.

• Clear: Every statement is easy to understand.

• Efficient: Tests run in a reasonable amount of time.

• Specific: Each test failure points to a specific piece of broken functionality; unit test failures provide “defect triangulation”.

• Independent: Each test can be run by itself or in a suite with an arbitrary set of other tests in any order.

• Maintainable: Tests should be easy to understand and modify and extend.

• Traceable: To and from the code it tests and to and from the requirements.

For more visualization of this article and free training tutorials on Testing: http://www.exforsys.com/content/category/17/259/340/

Exforsys offers free training and career help specializing in C, C++, C#, Java, J2EE, .NET, PeopleSoft, SAP, Siebel, Oracle Apps, Data warehousing, Oracle/SQL Server/DB2 and Testing. Please visit http://www.exforsys.com for more Training Tutorials, for IT Interview questions visit http://www.geekinterview.com, for articles and resources visit http://www.itquestionbank.com